恶性胸膜间皮瘤误诊为结核性胸膜炎原因分析

目的分析恶性胸膜间皮瘤(malignant pleural mesothelioma,MPM)的临床特点,以减少误诊。方法对我院收治的1例MPM误诊病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果本例因咳嗽、胸闷、胸痛1个月,加重2周入院。外院胸部CT检查提示左侧胸腔积液,经胸腔积液检查考虑结核性胸膜炎,予诊断性抗结核治疗2周,患者症状逐渐加重,遂转我院。转我院后胸部CT、B超检查均提示左侧大量胸腔积液,血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶48 ng/ml,并结合胸腔镜活检病理及免疫组织化学染色检查确诊为MPM。予培美曲塞二钠联合顺铂化疗,胸腔积液大部分吸收,症状明显好转出院。但11个月后病情恶化死亡。结论临床上对于难以定性的胸腔积液,尤其伴有持续性胸痛者,应高度警惕MPM可能,及早行胸腔镜、CT引导下肺穿刺活检、开胸等检查对确诊有重要意义。     

老年抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性血管炎诊治8例并文献复习

回顾分析8例以肺部感染为首发症状的抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性血管炎(antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodyassociated vasculitides,ANCA-AAV)老年患者的临床资料,探讨以肺部感染症状为主要表现的ANCA-AAV的临床特征与诊治方法。8例中6例患者接受甲泼尼龙1 mg/(kg·d)治疗4~6周,病情控制后改为泼尼松,逐渐减量,其中3例同时接受免疫抑制剂环磷酰胺2 mg/(kg·d)口服1年;1例加用雷公藤1 mg/(kg·d)治疗3个月;2例因出现肾功能衰竭病死,未用糖皮质激素治疗。8例患者中,除2例因肾功能衰竭死亡外,1例因呼吸功能衰竭死亡,5例患者经治疗后咳嗽、咳痰、贫血、乏力、肌肉酸痛等症状明显好转,体温恢复正常。因此,对于临床表现缺乏特异性且抗感染等疗效不佳的患者应尽早行ANCA检测。糖皮质激素治疗能改善ANCA-AAV患者的预后。     

基于眼部图像特征的肝肾疾病病证比较研究

目的:基于五轮学说及眼部图像特征提取技术,探讨不同证候(湿热内蕴证、肝郁脾虚证、肝肾阴虚证)的肝硬化及慢性肾脏疾病患者眼部图像特征及其差异性,以期从眼部图像特征上为肝硬化临床诊断及证候辨识提供数据支持。方法:选取2017年10月至2018年3月在上海中医药大学附属曙光医院肝硬化科住院的湿热内蕴证、肝郁脾虚证及肝肾阴虚证3种证候的肝硬化患者118例为研究对象,运用眼科裂隙灯采集受试者的眼部图像,并以年龄、性别、体质量指数匹配的非肝病(慢性肾脏疾病)患者115例及健康志愿者112例眼部图像特征为对照进行比较研究。剔除因受到各种因素干扰眼部图像不符合要求的患者,最终3组各纳入60例进行眼部图像分析。基于图像局部二值模式(LBP)特征提取法,将彩色图像转化为共生矩阵,计算图像LBP特征面积百分比。通过方差分析、秩和检验等统计学方法对相关指标进行比较分析,找出组间差异性。结果:肝硬化患者、慢性肾脏疾病患者与健康人3组眼部图像LBP特征面积百分比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与健康人组相比,在255层面积百分比中,肝硬化组有245层差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),慢性肾脏疾病组有246层差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肝硬化组与慢性肾脏疾病组相比,2组共有15层面积百分比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对2种疾病间不同证候的LBP特征频数面积百分比进行比较,慢性肾脏疾病患者湿热内蕴证、肝郁脾虚证及肝肾阴虚证3组证候间共19层差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而肝硬化组患者3组证候间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较3种证候不同疾病间的LBP特征频数面积百分比,湿热内蕴证中,肝硬化与慢性肾脏疾病组患者间有54层差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肝肾阴虚证中共有46层差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而肝郁脾虚证的2种疾病间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较湿热内蕴证、肝郁脾虚证与肝肾阴虚证3种证候间频数面积百分比,发现有2层差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于眼部图像LBP特征发现,肝硬化及慢性肾脏疾病2种疾病间存在明显差异,且2种疾病的相同证候间比较亦有显著性差异,但同一疾病的3种不同证候间比较,仅肾脏病患者在一定程度上有差异,而肝硬化患者各证候间区分不明显。提示运用眼部图像LBP特征提取技术对不同疾病区分的敏感性优于对证候的区分。     

Perceptions of nurses towards oral health in palliative care: A qualitative study

BackgroundOral health problems among people receiving palliative care are common and can significantly affect quality of life. Nurses are at the frontline of palliative care in Australia. However, how optimal oral health care is addressed in clinical practice by palliative nurses is not known.AimTo explore the perceptions of nurses working in Australian palliative care settings to determine the acceptability, challenges and recommendations that need to be considered to develop and implement an oral health care model in palliative care settings.MethodsTwo focus groups were conducted with community (n = 8) and inpatient nurses (n = 10) working in urban palliative care settings.FindingsFour main themes were developed through consensus: 1) Oral health is important in the palliative care setting; 2) Additional training could enhance what nurses already do; 3) Barriers to receiving oral care: a structural issue; 4) Exploring alternative pathways to dental services.DiscussionNurses recognised the importance of oral health in palliative care; however, the paucity of set protocols based on existing guidelines meant that oral care was often unstructured. Systemic factors reduced the number of available options for people receiving palliative care to access professional dental treatment. Although alternative solutions, including teledentistry services, were explored, there were some constraints.ConclusionA palliative care oral health model of care would need to integrate existing formal guidelines into a comprehensive framework specific for palliative care nurses and develop palliative care oral health training for them taking into consideration existing barriers for people to receive professional dental treatment.     

A critical ethnographic study using Bourdieu’s social practice framework to explain vertical and horizontal abuse (VHA) within an undergraduate nurse simulation environment

BackgroundVertical and horizontal abuse (VHA) has been reported in the nursing literature for over 30 years. VHA has also been referred to as workplace bullying, incivility, harassment, and mobbing. Previous work has explicitly focussed on VHA in nurses working in the industry, while other studies explore VHA generally in nursing students. However, there has been little attention paid to episodes of VHA, which may occur among nursing students learning in simulated environments.AimThis study aimed to identify factors which enabled episodes of VHA among second-year nursing students learning in a simulated hospital environment, through the application of Bourdieu’s social practice theory.MethodThis research used a critical ethnographic approach. Methods included observations, and semi-structured interviews with student (n = 40) and academic participants (n = 3) from a second-year undergraduate nursing program.ResultsEpisodes of VHA were evident among second-year nursing students and academics learning and teaching in a simulated environment. This study showed that the organisational and the social spaces of learning and teaching had been influenced by healthcare industry culture and the challenge for capital within the university. This has resulted in the simulated laboratory, becoming a space for cultural reproduction.ConclusionThis study calls for both an educational and organisational response to the findings. An educational response would require a curriculum review to reveal and acknowledge symbolic violence which may be embedded. An organisational response to recognize the symbiotic relationship between the higher education and health care sectors which may result in the reproduction of VHA is also required.     

3种清洁手术抗菌药物预防使用情况调查

目的了解本院腹外疝、甲状腺和乳房3种清洁手术抗菌药物预防使用情况。方法回顾性调查手术科室2010年5至12月住院患者的病历,包括患者的基本情况、手术类型、抗菌药物的品种、给药途径、疗程和费用等,并与指南比较和分析。结果共266份病历,病人年龄2～88岁(中位数:52岁)。头孢呋辛是最常预防使用的抗菌药物。不合理用药主要为给药时机不当、术后用药时间过长、药物选择、用药频度及溶媒不当等。结论医院应该建立和完善清洁手术围手术期抗菌药物预防使用的管理制度,加强对医务人员的培训,促使临床合理用药。     

老年糖尿病患者血管并发症相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响老年糖尿病患者血管并发症发生情况的危险因素。方法选择2010年4月-2011年10月间,我院收治的糖尿病患者320名,分别按彩色多普勒超声和眼底血管检查分为大血管病变组（MA）和微血管病变组（MV）及MA＋MV组,比较它们与无血管并发症的老年糖尿病患者在以下指标上的异同：性别、空腹血糖水平（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、总胆固醇（TC）、血清甘油三脂（TG）、病程、血压、体质量指数、吸烟与否。结果 MA组、MV组、MA＋MV组的FPG、HbA1C、LDL、TC、TG、病程、血压、吸烟人数显著高于无血管并发症组,HDL则显著低于无血管并发症组（P〈0.05）;而3组间的差异则并无显著性（P〉0.05）。相关性分析发现,MA与MV存在相关性（χ2=6.3,P〈0.05）。结论临床医生应了解以上血管并发症的危险因素,积极防治血管并发症的发生;当患者出现MA或MV其中之一时,应积极全面检查预防其它血管并发症的发生。     

Decoding the Evolutionary Response to Ensartinib in Patients With ALK-Positive NSCLC by Dynamic Circulating Tumor DNA Sequencing

IntroductionBy implementing dynamic circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, we explored the impact of TP53 mutations on tumor evolution and resistance mechanisms to ensartinib in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC.MethodsIn a multicenter phase 2 trial, patients with ALK-positive NSCLC who progressed on crizotinib were treated with ensartinib. Blood samples for ctDNA analysis were collected at baseline, cycle 3 day 1, and progression disease (PD) and analyzed with a 212-gene panel.ResultsA total of 440 samples were collected from 168 patients. Baseline TP53 mutations (20.2%) significantly correlated with inferior progression-free survival (4.2 mo versus 11.7 mo, p < 0.0001). Patients with TP53 mutations had higher mutation load than those without TP53 mutations at baseline (13.79 ± 3.72 versus 4.67 ± 0.39, p < 0.001). Although there was no significant difference in mutation load between these groups at cycle 3 day 1 (5.89 ± 2.25 versus 3.72 ± 0.62, p = 0.425), patients with mutated TP53 developed more mutations at PD (7.07 ± 1.25 versus 3.20 ± 0.33, p = 0.003). Frequency and abundance of secondary ALK mutations G1269A, G1202R, and E1210K increased markedly at PD than baseline. In patients without secondary ALK mutations, we identified ALK-independent resistance mechanisms including bypass signaling activation, downstream effector protein reactivation, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, and epigenetic dysregulation.ConclusionsOur study highlighted the advantage of ctDNA analysis for monitoring tumor evolution. TP53 mutations promoted genetic evolution and accelerated occurrence of resistance. We also unveiled ALK-dependent resistance mechanisms, mainly by G1269A, G1202R, and E1210K mutations, and ALK-independent resistance mechanisms to ensartinib.